One may say that The Open Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or Compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of Compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Compassion focused therapy on increasing optimism and self-Compassion in second grade female high school students with GAD. The present semi experimental study included pre-test, post-test with the control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female second grade students of high schools in Izeh city in the academic year of 2015-2016. Screening was conducted and 302 participants were selected through random multi stage cluster sampling and completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaires, Then 40 individuals suffering GAD identified and were assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study were Scheier & Carver’ s optimism questionnaire and Raes, Pommier, Neff & Van Gucht’ s self-Compassion questionnaire. The experimental group received Compassion focused therapy for 1/5 months. Analysis of the data was done using descriptive (average & standard deviation) and inferential (multiple covariance analysis) tests. Experimental group showed significant increase in optimism and self-Compassion after being trained. Based on the result we can say that Compassion focused therapy is an important factor in improving optimism and in self-Compassion of students suffer from GAD.

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between SelfCompassion and precompetitive Anxiety among female athlete students. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred and fifty-three female students (140 taekwondo & 113 karate) were selected among athletes present at the 14th Student Cultural Sports Olympiad. Self-Compassion Scale and Competitive State Anxiety–, 2 were used in this study before competing in games to measure the aforementioned theoretical constructs. Results: The obtained results revealed a significant relationship between pre-competitive Anxiety and Self-Compassion. Moreover, the components of this characteristic positively predicted self-confidence variance,however, this prediction reversed with somatic and cognitive Anxiety. Conclusion: Based on the current study results, Self-Compassion plays a moderating role in the pre-competitive Anxiety of female martial arts athletes. Therefore, improving this characteristic should be considered to promote self-confidence and reduce the precompetitive Anxiety in these athletes.

The prevalence of coronavirus, the restrictions imposed, the closure of educational institutions, the unknown and cognitive ambiguities of this virus, and the resulting mortality rate caused high Anxiety in individuals. This study aimed to provide a model for the relationship between mindfulness and corona Anxiety mediated by self-Compassion and to determine the model's fit based on experimental data. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. Three hundred and eighty undergraduate students of Yazd University (193 girls and 187 boys) were selected via available sampling method. The participants answered to the online questionnaires. They included Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Corona Anxiety. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed the hypothetical model fitted the experimental data. Mindfulness had a significant direct effect on corona Anxiety. Also, the direct effect of self-Compassion on corona Anxiety was significant. In addition, mindfulness indirectly affected corona Anxiety through the mediating variable of self-Compassion Introduction* Anxiety is one of the most important effects of the coronavirus epidemic. Corona Anxiety is the Anxiety caused by being infected with the coronavirus, often due to anonymity and ambiguity (Alipour et al., 2020). Its consequences can lead to significant psychological stress. In addition, it may adversely affect students' learning and mental health (AlRabiaah et al., 2020). Given the prevalence of corona heart disease, fear of disease, and fear of death along with the disturbance of daily activities, attention to psychological variables in dealing with corona Anxiety is essential. Therefore, self-Compassion can be associated with corona Anxiety as one of the psychological factors (Chitsazi et al., 2021). Self-Compassion allows people to have a broad perspective on their problems, to consider life challenges and personal failures as part of their lives, to relate more to others in times of suffering instead of feeling isolated, and to be aware of thoughts, emotions, and feelings instead of repression, judgment, and avoidance. These factors help people to be more open-minded, have a greater ability to change appropriate cognitions and behavioral responses, and use more effective coping strategies. As such, maladaptive emotional states such as Anxiety, depression, and stress are reduced, and emotional well-being is improved (Kashdan & Ciarrochi, 2013). Another potentially influential factor in corona Anxiety is mindfulness. Mindfulness is a way to live a better life, relieve pain, enrich, and make life meaningful (Siegel, 2010). Instead of reacting impulsively or habitually, mindful people, while realistically processing events, perceive internal and external realities without distortion (Hofmeyer et al, 2020), receive and process events that are less disturbing and have a greater ability to deal with They have a wide range of thoughts, emotions and experiences (Heidari et al, 2018). According to the results of studies, high levels of mindfulness can be associated with lower levels of Anxiety and stress (Elliot et al., 2018,Hanley, 2016). It is important to pay attention to corona Anxiety and psychological variables related to it due to various factors such as the prevalence of the disease, the restrictions imposed, the closure of educational institutions, and the concern about the effects of the virus on the future of students. According to the results of studies by Behan (2020) and Belen (2021), increasing mindfulness skills can significantly reduce corona Anxiety. Moreover, given the effect of mindfulness in promoting self-Compassion (Sakeni et al., 2020,Shahsia et al., 2021) and the negative and significant relationship between self-Compassion and corona Anxiety (Chitsazi et al., 2021,Nguyen & Le, 2021) and lack of a coherent and integrated model of the relationships of these variables, the present study sought to test whether mindfulness was related to corona Anxiety through the mediation of self-Compassion. To this end, the following hypotheses were posited. 1: Mindfulness directly predicts corona Anxiety. 2: Mindfulness indirectly predicts corona Anxiety through self-Compassion. Method The study adopted a descriptive-correlational design. It examined the relationships between the research variables as a model. Mindfulness was the exogenous variable, self-Compassion was the mediator variable, and corona Anxiety served as the endogenous variable. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students studying at Yazd University in the academic year 2020-2021 (N =10436). Krejcie and Morgan's table was used to determine the number of participants in the sample group. Accordingly, 380 students (193 girls and 187 boys) were selected by the available sampling method. Due to the conditions caused by the coronavirus outbreak and the absence of students in the university, the study was conducted online and through social networks (WhatsApp and Telegram). To observe ethical considerations, students were given the necessary assurance that the information was confidential and that their details would not be disclosed. The participants completed the Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), Self-Compassion (Nef, 2003), and Corona Anxiety (Alipour et al., 2020). The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS software version 23. Results Descriptive indicators and matrix of correlation coefficients of research variables are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Descriptive indicators and matrix of correlation coefficients of research variables Row Variable Kurtosis Skewness Mean Standard deviation 1 2 3 1 Corona Anxiety-0. 06 0. 92 18. 78 12. 65 1 2 Mindfulness 0. 29-0. 50 120. 64 24. 33-0. 59 1 3 Self-Compassion-0. 41-0. 09 76. 99 18. 92-0. 56 0. 59 1 As Table 1 shows, there is a significant correlation between all research variables at the level of 0. 05. Table 2 shows the results of the bootstrap test to measure the direct, indirect and total effects. As it can be seen in the following table, mindfulness had a significant direct effect on corona Anxiety. Also, the direct effect of self-Compassion on corona Anxiety was significant. In addition, mindfulness indirectly related to corona's Anxiety through self-Compassion. Table 2. Bootstrap test results to measure direct, indirect and total effects Path Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect Mindfulness on corona Anxiety-0. 45***-0. 24**-. 067** Mindfulness on self-Compassion 0. 59**-0. 59** Self-Compassion on corona Anxiety-0. 37**--0. 36** Conclusion The data analysis using SEM showed that mindfulness had a negative and significant effect on corona Anxiety. It can be claimed that mindfulness helps us to focus on reality with a comprehensive, objective, and undistorted view (Hofmeyer et al., 2020). People with high mindfulness will be able to understand pain without exaggeration, and when they know their pain and problems, they will have the opportunity to cope and deal with them. In addition, the obtained results from data analysis using SEM revealed a mediating role for self-Compassion in the relationship between mindfulness and corona Anxiety. Mindfulness enables people to consciously focus on the present and accept unpleasant events and negative emotions as an integral part of every human life, to seek the best way to deal effectively with adverse events. In other words, accepting negative thoughts and feelings as they are paving the way for forming an empathetic, kind, and supportive attitude. In an age of coronary disease, people with high self-kindness can feel more self-care and enjoy every opportunity in life. In days when the need for social distance to combat the prevalence of the virus has affected social communication, they feel Compassion and forgiveness instead of blaming themselves for the suffering in life. Such people realize that there is a global Covid-19 epidemic. All people in all cultures and countries are going through these difficult days. Even in some countries, the number of people infected with the virus is much higher than in their living environment. Such situations help people feel more secure and grateful that they are still healthy and alive. Thus, by increasing self-Compassion, mindfulness can play a protective role against current stressful situations as an effective psychological strategy and prevent students from engaging in negative emotions such as fear and Anxiety caused by the prevalence of the virus and its consequences. Ethical Consideration Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues like informed consent and confidentiality of participants’ identifications were compiled based on ethical committee of University of Yazd. Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author written the first draft of the manuscript. The second author edited the manuscript. The third author advised result sections. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study. Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support. Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study. *. Corresponding author

Background: One of the most common Anxiety disorders is the social Anxiety disorder (SAD), which is characterized by intolerable Anxiety and self-consciousness in daily social situations. A large body of study is conducted on the treatment of this disorder, though further studies are required on new psychological therapies. Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Compassion focused therapy (CFT) on patients with SAD. Methods: The present randomized controlled trial study, which is along with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control group, 34 subjects who based on the structured clinical interview for DSM (SCID) had the criteria for social Anxiety disorder on the basis of DSM-IV-TR, and had no other severe psychiatric disorders, were assigned completely randomly and equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated with 12 one-weekly CFT sessions, whereas the control group did not receive any treatment. At the beginning of the research, after 12 weeks and after a follow-up period of 8 weeks, all subjects were evaluated with acceptance and action questionnaire (AAQ-II), mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), levels of self-criticism scale (LOSC), selfCompassion scale (SCS), World Health Organization quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), and Liebowitz social Anxiety scale (LSAS) instruments. In addition to descriptive statistics, repeated measure analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) was used in order to analyze the findings and using SPSS-21 software all analyzes were conducted. Results: Based on the RM-ANOVA, CFT was significantly more effective than non-treatment in reducing psychological inflexibility, self-criticism, and severity of social Anxiety symptoms (P < 0. 001) in both post-test and two months’ follow-up. Moreover, CFT was able to significantly increase the mindfulness levels, self-Compassion, and quality of life in patients with social Anxiety (P < 0. 01). Conclusions: Compassion-focused interventions apparently play a quite effective role in reducing symptoms and increasing the quality of life of patients with social Anxiety disorder.